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HomeMy WebLinkAbout02-08-2000 ICPD Reports/MemosIOWA CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT TRAINING BULLETIN 00-01 DATE: Jan. 3`d, 2000 TO: Commanders (Pass on to all officers) FROM: k.hurd SUBJECT: Watch Training This week's watch training, 00-18 is a continuation of last week's felony/prone training. This week the issues are quadrant searches and getting a cuffed subject from the ground to his/her feet. As with last weeks training, this is intended to be a hands on session, choosing an officer to verbalize and demonstrate the procedure. As with last week, this was developed and written by Officer Mebus, DT instructor. k.hurd Cc: Chief Winkelhake Capt. Hamey Capt. Widmer Watch Training 00-18 Quadrant Search/Prone to Standing Scenario - You have just directed a subject involved in an armed robbery to the felony prone position. He is handcuffed without incident. After getting him cuffed the subject needs to be searched and helped to his feet. (Watch Supervisor select an officer (not a DT instructor) to demonstrate and verbalize a quadrant search and technique for assisting the suspect to his feet.) Suspect officer is to comply with instructions. Critical Issues - 1. Did your "visual" search prior to going prone, reveal weapons? a. Yes - start search in that quad b. No - start search at head and go to feet. 2. Is prisoner a known/suspected drug user? a. Yes - protective hand wear mandatory (preferably puncture resistant) b. No - Hand wear still recommended 3. Pat Down v Squeeze a. Pat down OK for larger weapons - may not discover smaller blades, razors etc. b. Squeeze best for smaller items Quadrant Search 1. Start head to toe 2. Divide suspect body into four quadrants 3. Do one quadrant at a time - front and back or back then front I.e. face down suspect - search upper left back, roll suspect 1/4 turn, search front, search front of lower left, roll suspect to face down, search lower left back repeat right side. 4. Quad search can be very thorough if needed. Keeps suspect off balance and easier to control while cuffed, on ground. Include inside shoes/socks if needed. Prone to Standing 1. Best done with 2 officers, 1 OK but be very aware of balance 2. Roll cuffed suspect to one side R or L 3. As roll starts, lift up on suspect shoulders and continue having suspect twist to sitting position. 4. From sitting position have suspect pull one foot towards him/her with toe pointed. 5. As suspect does this push forward on suspects shoulders to "roll" suspect up on his/her knee 6. Once knee position is obtained, assist suspect to standing position with simple left under arms. 7. Officer must be aware of good lifting techniques, especially if doing this alone. 8. Verbalize entire process to suspect before starting and make sure he/she understands. Continue step by step verbalization as you start the process. Discussion - In this case can the search be more than a pat down. Is there a need to search the subject again after getting him to his feet? Would contraband not related to the robbery be admissible? What steps should be taken if the subject refuses to get to his feet? (Non -combative) IOWA CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT TRAINING BULLETIN 00-05 DATE: Jan. 10th, 2000 TO: Commanders (Pass on to all officers) FROM: k.hurd SUBJECT: Watch Training This weeks watch training, 00-29 pertains to Search and Seizure. It is being issued with General Order 00-01 Search and Seizure. Please review the training and General Order with your watch. Have the officers' SIGN on the provided sheets when the order has been reviewed and the training has been completed. Upon completion return the signature sheets to me for documentation. Cc: Chief Winkelhake Capt. Harney Capt. Widmer Watch Training 00-29 SEARCHES Scenario - You are investigating a theft. During the course of the investigation you go the residence of a suspect. While walking up the sidewalk to the house, you observe some potted marijuana plants sitting in a window. Upon knocking, the door is answered by a subject who you identify as a roommate of the suspect. The roommate invites you in to the living room. You inquire as to the room containing the marijuana plant. The roommate states it belongs to your suspect. You ask the roommate for permission to search. During the search, your suspect opens the door of the room containing the marijuana and starts to exit. Upon seeing you she ducks back in to the room and slams the door. Critical Issues - Does the roommate have authority to authorize a search. If so, to what extent can the roommate authorize a search? Do you need permission to search the room containing the marijuana? Discussion - The roommate may authorize a search of common areas of the apartment. The roommate may also authorize the search of his/her 'personal" living space. The roommate does not have the authority to authorize the search of the 'personal" living area of another resident of the house/apartment. If they shared a bedroom, the roommate could authorize the search of a bedroom but not a dresser or closet exclusively used by the other roommate. In the above scenario you would probably not be permissible to enter the room containing the marijuana based on a Plain View exception. The Plain View doctrine gives rise to probable cause which could culminate in the issuance of a warrant. You as the officer had the opportunity to obtain a search warrant prior to entering the apartment. You could legitimately proceed with your theft investigation. There was no exigency prior to your entering the apt. Once the person retreated back in to the room you the officer would need to take some type of action. Of paramount consideration is your safety. Do you have a legitimate fear that the subject may be accessing a weapon? Would you be able to articulate this concern? If you legitimately fear for your welfare may be justified in entering the room for your protection. If you decide to follow the suspect in to the room, upon arresting the suspect for PCS you could then search her incident to arrest and also search the area within her immediate control at the time of the arrest. This search may be for weapons or "fruits of the crime". This search must be contemporaneous in time and place, i.e. you cannot take the person to jail and then return and search the bedroom. With the above in mind, once you decided to proceed on the theft investigation with the knowledge that there is contraband inside the residence, you may have jeopardized the seizure and prosecution of any PCS charges. Le. did you create your own exigent circumstances? Consistent with current departmental and JCAtty standards, the preferred method would be to obtain a search warrant for the room prior to proceeding with your related investigation. Search and Seizure Date of Issue General Order Number Effective Date 7Section Code Reevaluation Date Amends/Cancels C.A.L. E.A. Reference 1.2.4 INDEX AS: Search Seizure Warrants Arrests Stop and Frisk I. PURPOSE The purpose of this order is to provide members of the Iowa City Police Department with guidelines and background pertaining to search and seizure. II. POLICY It is the policy of this department to conduct searches that are both legal and thorough. Such searches are to be conducted in strict observance of the Constitutional Rights of the persons being searched and with due regard for the safety of the officers involved. All seizures shall comply with all relevant state and federal statues governing the seizure of persons or property. III. DEFINITIONS A. Constitution of the United States of America: Amendment 4 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or things to be seized. B. Constitution of the State of Iowa: Article I. Bill of Rights Section 8. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue, but on probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons and things to be seized. IV. PROCEDURES Search and Seizure Without a Warrant The Iowa City Police Department recognizes that "Citizens have the right to be free of unreasonable search and seizure" as afforded by the Constitution of the United States. This Department will strive to ensure that all searches and seizures meet current legal requirements. In recognition of this, the following guidelines are to be considered when making a determination to search without a warrant. A. Consent to Search: 1. Persons or property may be searched upon the consent of the person, owner or person in control of the property or item to be searched. The person giving consent must do so voluntarily. The officer is obligated to abide by any constraints placed on the search by the person. B. Exigent Circumstances: 1. An officer may search without a warrant when the public safety is endangered and obtaining consent or a warrant is impractical. C. Moveable vehicle which may contain evidence that may be removed or destroyed without a timely search being made. 1. A vehicle may be searched if an officer reasonably believes that it may contain evidence of a crime, which may be destroyed or moved, and it is impractical to obtain a warrant. D. Stop and Frisk: 1. An individual may be frisked for weapons if an officer has an articulable concern for his/her safety. E. Inventory Searches of Impounded Vehicles: 1. Inventory searches of impounded or seized vehicles may be conducted for the purpose of documenting property contained in the vehicle. An inventory search should not be used when the primary reason is to obtain evidence. (see impound policy) F. Search Incident to Arrest: 1. When an arrest is made, the officer will conduct a search of the arrested person and the area in the immediate control of the arrested person for the purpose of ensuring the officers' safety, preventing the person from escaping, discovering the fruits of the crime, or discovering instruments or articles which may have been used in the commission of a crime or constitute evidence of an offense. This search must be contemporaneous in place and time. G. Plain View: 1. Officers may visually search items or property that are in plain view, provided that the officer has the right to be in the position from which the view was made. H. Crime Scene Search: 1. Depending on the location of a crime scene, consent or a warrant may be required prior to a search. (i.e. public v. private property) I. Officers may search persons on premises during the execution of a search warrant in order to protect their safety, prevent disposal or concealment of property subject to the warrant or to remove any items that could be used to effect an escape or resist arrest. J. Officers may conduct warrantless searches in other situations under applicable case law. (See training documentation) K. Search and Seizure Pursuant to Warrant 1. When an officer has probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed on the premises to be searched, or that evidence of a crime could be located there, officers shall obtain a search warrant prior to entry and search in accordance with applicable state law and procedures. (See training documentation.) If it is unclear if a situation falls into one of the above categories and an officer believes that there is need to search a person, location or item; the officer should consult with an on -duty watch supervisor. If a determination is not reached, the on -call County Attorney shall be called for advice on how to proceed. R. J. Winkelhake, Chief of Police WARNING This directive is for departmental use only and does not apply in any criminal or civil proceeding. The department policy should not be construed as a creation of higher legal standard of safety or care in an evidentiary sense with respect to third -party (claims. Violations of this directive will only form the basis for departmental administrative sanctions. IOWA CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT TRAINING BULLETIN 00-09 DATE: Jan. 31 st, 2000 TO: Commanders (Pass on to all officers) FROM: k.hurd SUBJECT: Watch Training This weeks watch training deals with "suspensions". This is at the request of the Johnson County Atty's. office and the Johnson County Jail which have to re - contact a person when the incorrect charge has been filed. (see attached note) Cc: Chief Winkelhake Capt. Hamey Capt. Widmer Watch Training 00-32 Driving While??? Scenario - You stop a vehicle for going through a red light. Upon speaking with the driver, she tells you that she is suspended but is unsure as to the details. Your 27 indicate a suspension. You then run a manual check on the subject and the records show that the person is suspended pursuant to 321.218 and also 321J.21. Critical Issues - What charge(s) should be filed. If the person is under multiple suspensions does it make any difference as to which of the suspensions the person is charged with? Does the person need to be fingerprinted? Discussion - The County Attorney's office has been receiving numerous DUS charges under 321.218, or 321A.32; when the person is also under suspension or revocation for 321J.21 or 321.561. NOTE: Officers should not be writing the charge under 321.210 or 321.210A. While these may pertain to the reason the person is suspended, 321.218 is the "Operating without valid drivers license or when disqualified" section. Iowa Code 690.2 requires the fingerprinting of all persons taken into custody for the commission of a serous misdemeanor or higher, WITH THE EXCEPTION of serious misdemeanor charges filed under 321 and 321A. For example, an officer files a charge for DUS under 321.218 (serious misdemeanor) and the subject has a second suspension related to 321J21. 321J. IS NOT included in the printing exceptions of the code. If the officer fails to file a charge under 321J., when the County Atty's office reviews the charge they may notice the suspension under 321J. and will probably dismiss the serious 321.218 charge and re -file under 321J.. The offender would then need to be contacted and arrangements made for her to come in and be fingerprinted. Similarly, if there was a "suspension" under 321.561 which is an aggravated misdemeanor, and the operator charged pursuant to 321.561, she would be required to be printed. Bottom line... The County Attorney's office would like the highest level charge filed relating to suspensions. Or if there are co -equal level charges and one of them is not under 321 or 321A., that would be the preferred charge. COPY FOR YOII# INFORMATION JOHNSON COUNTY ATTORNEY ALL STAFF REGARDING FINGERPRINTING OF DEFENDANTS CHARGED UNDER CHAPTERS 321 AND 321A. H.F. 403 of the 78th G.A. (1999) deleted the fingerprinting requirement for serious misdemeanors under chapters 321 and 321A. The DCI will only accept fingerprint cards for persons charged with aggravated misdemeanors or higher ender those two chapters. Since chapter 321A has no offenses higher than a serious misdemeanor, no fingerprinting is necessary when a person is charged under that chapter (321A.32, unless with 321J.21). Under chapter 321: Falsifying a Drivers License, 321.216A; Driving while Suspended, 321.218; and Leaving the Scene of an Accident, 321.261(2); no longer require fingerprint cards. No one should be marking Informations for defendants to come in for prints, if these are the only charges being filed. Also, the sheriffs department has complained that peace officers are charging persons with violations of 321.218 (or incorrectly under 321.210 or .210A) or under 321A.32, when these persons should have been charged under 321J.21 or 321.561. These defendants are released without being printed. Then, when we file the correct charge of Driving While Revoked,under 321J.21, or Driving While Barred, under 321.561, the defendant has to return to be printed. Please try to bring this problem to the attention of those officers who fail to file the correct charge. Dave Tiffany Watch Training 00-19 Felony Warrant Service Scenario - At squad meeting you are advised that there is a felony warrant from an outside agency, for a subject involved in an armed robbery. Information indicates the subject had used a handgun in the robbery and further stated that the subject had made statements that he would not be taken without a fight. The address provided on the warrant is not valid but upon further investigation you are able to confirm the subject is staying with a friend and a current address of the friend. At 03:17 you drive by the address and observe lights on and can see someone inside but are unsure if it is the subject that you are looking for. Critical Issues - What steps should be taken prior to serving the warrant? Pursuant to G/O 99-11 Arrests, officers are to confirm warrants prior to their execution. How many officers should be present when serving a warrant? G/O 99-11 states that there should be at least 2 officers present when serving a warrant; however, there is also a procedure in the SRT Policies and Procedure manual, (which is contained in the Watch Commanders office,) for assessing the risk factors involved in serving a warrant. With the risk factors present, officers need to consult with the Warrant Service matrix prior to serving the warrant. In this scenario the supervisor would at a minimum, need to consult with SRT prior to the service of the warrant. Do officers need a search warrant in addition to the arrest warrant? Iowa Code Section 804.15 Breaking and entering premises —demand to enter, If a law enforcement officer has reasonable cause to believe that a person whom the officer is authorized to arrest is present on any private premises, the officer may upon identifying the officer as such, demand that the officer be admitted to such premises for the purpose of making the arrest. If such demand is not promptly complied with, the officer may thereupon enter such premises to make the arrest, using such force as is reasonably necessary. In this case officers need to ascertain if the person inside the apartment is the suspect. Discussion - If a decision to call in SRT is reached what should officers do prior to the arrival of SRT? Officers need to maintain clandestine surveillance on the residence until the arrival of SRT command. Any new information or changes should be immediately forwarded to the incident commander. What should officers do if the subject leaves the residence'? In this case an on the spot decision would need to be made if the officers on the scene should arrest the subject at this time or, allow the subject to leave with the intention that the subject will be apprehended at a latter time, or if practical, continue to maintain some type of covert observation. What factors should the officers consider when deciding whether or not to arrest the - person as they left the location? Are there sufficient units available at the scene, can the approach be made safely, can officers approach quickly enough that the subject will not be able to flee? Other? sBIBISK ASSESSMEpLT_.MAIB1X WARRANT SERVICE Risk assessment is pasM on Ia01S and Cl,cum5lances staled n. Inc affidavit for file aneSl O, search warrant and criminal ',,story of the suspect$ FACT ------- Search warrant ,s fir evidence of tuopeny conies Only Search warrant ,s lot drugs ✓ SCORE 0 FPOINTS I 2 Search warrant ,s 10, evidence of crime against person 0 Ane51 warrant ,s lot property crimes Arrest wananl ds to, drug possessrONdrslnbu00n I 2 Arrest wananl d5 for crime against person 0 Service of warrant requires minimal forced entry 2 Service of warrant requires use of breaching lools 10 Localron,s fondled. requiring specialty breaching 0 Subject Of warrant has property crime history Only I Subject of warrant has history of crime against persons 2 Subject of warrant has made statements regarding tesrst,nq apprehensronrsearch J Subject of warrant has violent criminal history 8 Subject of warrant has history of violent crimes against police to Subject of warrant has used firearms during Commission of comes I Firearms present at location for service 2 4 Firearms readily available to suspects al location for service Subject of wananl known to carry Lrearms on person Subject of wananl a always aimed 6 i Wa i rani bang sought is -knock and announce 2 Warrant being sought includes -no knock" provision J TOTAL POINTS 1 DECISION MATRIX 0.9 Points SeNice/execution may be handled by unit SuPCNSOr warrant service requires nolddcabon of On Duty Supervisor 10 In Points SRT should be consulted about senocelexecul,O4 though SRT pdmc,pation not required, warrant service requires approval 01 Watch Commander f 5 25 Points Consultation with SR r required to, senncelo.mubon_ warrant service requir Cs approval Of Watch Commander or Commander of Field Operations or designee and notification of Inc Chief of Police PWnis SRT required lot ;Crmcc1eiecution Incident Command achvanon recommended warrant service retli✓ref approval of Division Comrnapde, dnO „OIa,CapOn of Cbiel of Police IOWA CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT DATE: TO: FROM: SUBJECT: TRAINING BULLETIN 00-06 Jan. 17th, 2000 Commanders (Pass on to all officers) k.hurd Watch Training This week's watch training 00-19 pertains to the risk assessment matrix. The matrix is contained in the SRT policies and procedures manual which is available to watch supervisors. If upon covering this material an officer wishes to study the manual in detail, please make arrangements for them to do so. The point of emphasis for this training is, if someone is about to serve a high -risk warrant, they need to see if/where it may fall in the warrant matrix and if enough indicators are present, there are notification requirements. Cc: Chief Winkemake Capt. Harney Capt. Widmer Watch Training 00-31 Scenario - NCIC Recertification Critical Issues - What do members of the Iowa City Police Department need to know to become or remain certified to access state and federal NCIC/DOT files? We will be certifying on FEB. 23, 2000. Officers need to know the information contained in the book to pass the test. Discussion - The accompanying book has been provided by the Iowa Department of Public Safety. It contains the information which officers will need to know to maintain or to become certified for the use of departmental data terminals. On 02/23/00 a representative/trainer from the Iowa Department of Public Safety will be conducting 2 classes pertaining to certification. Officers will need to pass a written test which will be held after each of the classes, OR officers may attend a drop in test starting at approx. 10:00 on the 23`d. If the officer does not successfully complete the test during the drop in session, they may attend the afternoon class and then retest. Precise starting times and location will be provided as the date draws near. IOWA CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT TRAINING BULLETIN 00-07 DATE: Jan. 21 st, 2000 TO: Commanders (Pass on to all officers) FROM: k.hurd SUBJECT: Watch Training This week's watch training relates to the upcoming certification/recertification relating to state and federal automated information databases. Distribute the study guide to all members of your watch and let me know who received the manuals. This year a class will be held starting around 08:30 with testing to follow at approx. 09:30. There will then be an open testing session for those who do not wish to attend the class. This will begin after the testing of the first class. The test consists of 50 questions. There will then be an afternoon class with testing to immediately follow the class. It is preferred that as many officers as possible attend the drop -in testing session. There is no appointment necessary for the drop in testing, the officer may show up anytime during the testing period. The test will deal with the information contained in the book. There is a sample test in the book which officers may take after studying the book. Let me know by 02/15/00 as to who will be attending when. All members who have not previously been certified while employeed by Iowa City MUST attend a class and take the test after the class period. Cc: Chief Winkelhake Capt. Hamey Capt. Widmer ICPD TRAINING DATE: February 1, 2000 TO: Chief Winkelhake From: K.Hurd REF: December Training Report ASLET 01/10-15 Richmond Hurd Training in various aspects of the training functions. Include sessions on evaluation/identification of training needs, developing a training program, and other related issues. MATS 2000 Beginning 01/10/2000 continuing for 5 consecutive weeks Required for all ICPD sworn personnel with partial attendance for non -sworn This years MATS contains the following blocks: Mon. Hazardous Materials recert. Bloodborne pathogens CPR Tue. ASP and Use of Force training Crowd control Techniques Defensive Tactics/weapon retention Wed. Drug awareness Driving course Hostage/Barricade overview Disability awareness Thurs. Crisis Center Services Communications Skills Rapid Deployment procedures Sexual Offender Registry 01/26-27/2000 Campbell Training in the use, application and limitations of the states Sexual Offender Registry law. FATS training Month long 44 members trained with FATS SRT Range Not scheduled due to. MATS training SRT Scenario Training 01/04/2000 16 SRT Regularly scheduled physical testing for SRT members. Room entry drills. Maintenance of equipment. Squad Meeting Training Weekly ICPD All members WT #s 00-18,29,19,31,32 Copy: City Manager Captain Widmer PCRB Low Back Pain By Keith Roper Adapted from July 98 Shotgun Sports magazine BACK PAIN Statistics suggest about 80% of all people will suffer a significant episode of back pain at some point in their lives, and in any given year as many as 50% of us will experience some back pain. So it's really more a question of "when" rather than "if"...or is it? Are there things we do that can predispose us to back pain and that we can change? Are there things we can do to prevent back pain or reduce its severity once an episode has started? Could taking several of these steps improve the way we feel? It is a basic fact that when the body is not in peak condition, performance will suffer. When you are in pain, your mind cannot be completely focused on the cask at hand. When muscles are tight, you cannot make smooth movements. Your nervous system can only process so many signals at once and prioritizes things, so a simple command may be overridden by a twinge of pain just long enough to throw off your timing and make you miss something. Most back pain is benign, that is, not considered to be a serious health threat. It is generally a result of poor posture, the cumulative effect of bad habits or both. There are many conditions that can lead to back pain, but we will address the major players: posture, sprains/strains, disc problems, muscle spasm and arthritis. And we will see that the keys to fighting back INSIDE THIS ISSUE Low Back Pain Footwear, The Missed Evidence 4 NCIC Recertification nano 9 Footwear, The Missed Evidence Dwayne S. Hilderbrand, Author of the book, Footwear, The Missed Evidence Introduction "Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothing, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses are, it is factual evidence, physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself; it cannot be wholly absent, only its interpretation can err. Only human failure to find it, study and understand it, can diminish its value." (Paul L. Kirk 1974). In almost every criminal investigation it is necessary to determine and prove that a particular person or persons may or may not have been present at the scene of a crime. For this reason, the collection, preservation and analysis of physical evidence has become more frequent in the law enforcement community. Around 1910, a criminologist by the name of Edmond Locard arrived at a theory that every time something comes into contact with another it either takes or leaves a portion of itself or another. This theory is called the Edmond Locard Theory, which simply states "Every contact leaves its trace." This theory is continually used today in crime scene investigations and the analysis of physical evidence. Since criminals must enter and exiJ by nagob(�gpe training i continued from page t pain are very simple and it is not something we "just have to live with!" Posture In its normal alignment, the spine has an S curve when viewed from the side. There are three curves: the cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis and the lumbar lordosis. These curves are very important because they act as shock absorbers. Engineers have estimated that maintaining the natural curves in our spine gives about ten times the shock absorption of a flat spine. Our lifestyles have developed in such a way we spend much of our time sitting or in forward -bent postures that reverse the curve in the low back and alter the cervical curve, as well. This curve reversal causes two things to happen. First, the ligaments that support the spine are stretched, and second, the disc gets uneven pressure front -to -back, causing disc fluid to be pressed in a backwards direction. Maintaining a slouched position for extended periods of time may lead to achiness from over -stretching the ligaments that support the spine and may stretch the back of the disc wall. Being aware of the position you are in and avoiding stressful ones is a primary way to prevent the problem of back pain. Keeping the low back supported when sitting, keeping your head over your shoulders instead of out in front, and keeping your shoulders open instead of rolled forward can make a big difference. Posture and balance go hand in hand. Sprains/Strains Sprains and strains typically occur when a joint or muscle is overworked or unexpectedly stretched. (A sprain is a ligament tear, and a strain is a muscle tear.) They can also occur with prolonged stretch a, as may occur when sitting in a slouched posture for a long time. While it is impossible to completely prevent this type of injury, maintaining good strength, flexibility and posture are key points to remember. Disc Problems A disc with uneven pressure will begin to develop abnormal wear patterns. The most common posture is a reduced lordosis (flat or rounded low back) where the nucleus is continually pressed against the back wall of the disc. This occurs because fluids take the path of least resistance. As you bend forward, the front edge of the vertebrae move closer together and the back opens up, creating a backward pressure. Over time with this uneven distribution of pressure, the back wall of the disc may begin to stretch and tear from the inside out. As this occurs, disc fluid may leak into the tear and continue to exert backward pressure. As subsequent layers of cartilage tear, the wall becomes thinner and, therefore, weaker. If the wall becomes too thin, it will begin to bulge. (This is commonly referred to as a "slipped" or "herniated" disc). When this happens, the disc begins to bulge in a backward direction and moves into the space occupied by the nerve root and may pinch the nerve between the disc and bones. This can cause pain or numbness. Most disc problems resolve themselves sooner or later and do not require invasive measures to repair. There are treatments your doctor or therapist may offer to help with pain control. There are several things to consider when addressing disc problems. Watching your posture and spending more time in a balanced position is critical. Be aware of the natural curves in your spine and try to consciously put yourself into a better position whenever you catch yourself slouching. Be aware of the positions you spend a lot of time in and do something to compensate for them. For instance, if you spend much of your day sitting or leaning/reaching forward, you can periodically stretch you spine backward to compensate for all the forward bending. Muscle Spasm Muscle spasm is a response to pain. If your body knows it hurts to go into a certain position, it will try to avoid that position. If it hurts when a joint moves, your body will try to immobilize that joint. This is accomplished by involuntary muscle contraction. Unfortunately, sometimes this contraction can become a spasm that causes more pain. Fatigue can also cause muscle spasms. Keeping your back muscles toned is the best way to avoid spasms caused by fatigue or overwork. Arthritis Arthritis is generally caused by wear and tear to the joint surfaces, which can become rough instead of smooth. It is critical to maintain lubrication in an arthritic joint to help reduce friction between two rough surfaces. An exercise program that includes flexibility and strength training can help accomplish this. Studies consistently show people who participate in regular, modest exercise routines have less pain and better function than arthritis sufferers who let the pain get the best of them and become inactive. Moderation is important. Prevention What can you do to prevent back pain from starting? First, you need to exercise on a regular basis. Second be aware of your posture. Stretching to maintain flexibility in the spine, hips and shoulders is a critical part of the exercise program. A regular cardiovascular program of walking, running, cycling or some other exercise will keep circulation good, as well as toning the trunk and lower -body muscles. The Surgeon General's report on exercise recommends 20-30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week. Use lumbar support in seats and chairs that do not adequately support the curve in your low back. There are other things you can do. Supplying your body with good nutrition is essential to health and healing. Studies show smokers have a higher incidence of back pain and the pain lasts longer than in people who don't smoke. Listen to your body and you usually won't go wrong. If you feel you need further help, consult a health care professional. training 2 page 1 UPCOMING TRAINING This is a partial listing of upcoming training that may be available. DO NOT consider this a posting. Any letters submitted based on this Will NOT be considered a request to attend. CALENDAR OF EVENTS TRAINING EVENT PLACE MONTGOMERY HALL DATE BEGINNING01/10/00 MATS 2000 TRAINING EVENT PLACE IOWA CITY LIBRARY DATE FEB.23 NCIC recertification TRAINING EVENT PLACE MARSHALLTOWN DATE FEB.21-25 Crime Scene Training TRAINING EVENT PLACE ILEA DATE MARCH 7-8 Interview and Interrogation School. This and That areas it should therefore, be reasonably assumed that they may leave traces of their footwear Unfortunately, when a crime scene is improperly secured or is disorganized, the search of the scene often results in this type of impression evidence being overlooked or destroyed. When this type of physical evidence is properly collected and preserved by the crime scene investigator, followed up by a detailed examination by a footwear expert, it can become an important part in proving or disproving a suspect was at the crime scene. Why are Footwear Impressions Overlooked? Footwear impressions are overlooked for two important reasons, 1. The lack of training and education in the proper searching, collection and preservation of the evidence and; 2. The evidence is undervalued or not understood. The failure to properly collect this type of evidence revolves around the above -mentioned two reasons but the lack of success in finding this evidence is often due to: a. Not believing that the impressions can be found at the scene after people have walked over the scene b. Incomplete searches of the crime scene; Continued pg 5 In an effort to "prioritize" policies, we will begin implementing a color coding system. While officers will be accountable for all departmental directives, this will hopefully assist in the identification of policies which officers must clearly and readily understand,and those which while important, are related more to the administration of the department. This will be a three tiered system with policies being placed in one of the teirs. For examaple,: RED: Policies which are critical in nature, i.e. Use of Force or Vehicle Pursuit. (Must know) Green: Those which are important in nature, (they are issues which routinely affect officers) i.e. Vehicle Crashes or Pat -Down Searches.(Need to know); Black: Those Policies which do not deal with life hazards and do not affect officers on a regular basis, i.e. Forms Development (Nice to know). Implementation of this procedure will begin as existing policies are reviewed and as new policies implemented. For those interested in receiving a sample copy of Shotgun Sports, (see Low Back Pain article) call 800-676- 8920. Few things are harder to put up with than a good example." Mark Twain training 3 NCIC Recertification We will be recertified in the use of MDTs on February 23, 2000. This year there has been a change in the certification procedure. For those persons who have previously been certified in the use of the MDTs, they may elect to "skip" the class and attend a testing session only. At this time it is anticipated that there will be open testing from approx. 10:00 to 12:00. Officers, ECOs, CSTs, records personnel, and others who have previously been certified may opt to show up sometime during this period and take the written test. If you fail to achieve a passing score you may then attend the afternoon classroom session. All police employees who have not previously been certified while employeed with IOWA CITY, must attend a classroom session. There will be two classroom sessions. The first one will run from approx. 08:00 to 09:00 with testing to take place immediately thereafter; and again at approx. 13:30 to 14:30 with testing again taking place immediately thereafter. Previously certified employees who wish to attend one of the classroom sessions may do so prior to testing. Testing will consist of 50 questions with a score of 74% or greater to pass. Le. you can miss 13 questions and still pass the test. Study guides have January Training Members Training Hours ICPD MATS 32 81 ASLET 40 85 Sex Offender 16 Registry Watch training 00-18, 29,19,31,32 44 FATS .25 16 SPIT Situational Training 8 been provided by the Iowa Department of Public Safety and have been distributed. The study guide contains a sample test. Some of the questions are: Q. Iowa stolen vehilce information is considered public information and IOWA system stolen vehicle printouts can be given to persons upon request. T F (T) Q. Criminal history data cannot be disseminated or redisseminated to the news media. T F (T) Q. The switch provides: A. A communications Ilink between crimnal justice agencies. B. A communications link between agencies and computer files. C. Access to IOWA public files. D. A log of all transactions. E. All of the above. (E) Q. Stolen credit cards: A. Are queried as securities. B. Are queried as articles. C. Cannot be queried. (C) CALEA UPDATE As part of the accreditation process we are reviewing general orders on a scheduled basis. As some of you may have noticed during the past year, a review date has been included on the first page of the general order. As this date draws near, the order will be reviewed. As a general rule, newly created/issued general orders will be reviewed after one year for problems, conflicts or other concerns. After the first review, the general order will be given a review date ranging from one to three years after the initial review. The length of time between review is determined by the criticality of the particular order. Le. vehicle pursuits and use of force will be reviewed annually while forms development may be reviewed every three years. I will send a notice out via e-mail as a review date draws near. Officers may respond with comments, questions or other concerns within the specified time period. These comments will be considered in conjunction with the review. Upon completion of the review, affected members will be advised of any changes to the general order and an effective date of the changes. training 4 Continued from pg 3. c. Weather conditions; d. The impression has been intentionally destroyed. Protection of the Scene The first officer at the crime scene should assess and attempt to determine the entire area of the crime scene, including paths of entry and exit and any areas that may include evidence that a suspect was present. Once this has been done the area of the crime scene should be completely secured and evidence marked for later documentation and collection. Isolation of the area is crucial, to avoid analyzing recently made footwear impressions that are not related to the crime scene. There are many ways to secure footwear evidence in and around the crime scene. Once the area is secured and the crime scene is established the officer on the scene should make sure the entire scene is marked off using crime scene barricade tape, and no one should be permitted to enter until the crime scene investigator responds. In some cases where weather might have an effect on the footwear evidence, the first officer may place boxes, cones, etc. over the impressions until the crime scene investigator arrives. Remember, do not alter the evidence prior to any photographs. Searching the Crime Scene Always be aggressive and alert. Footwear evidence should be one of the first considerations at the crime scene. Once the scene has been made safe by the first officer(s) on the scene, it should then be secured for the crime scene investigator. Footwear evidence can be found at almost all crime scenes in two forms, impressions and prints. The techniques in recording such evidence may be different, but the search is basically the same. Always use a methodical and planned method of searching. Never blind search a crime scene. The only footwear evidence that is not found is that which is not searched for. During an interior search, all surfaces where the suspect(s) may have entered or exited the scene should be carefully examined since most of the residue on the shoes from the outside surfaces may contain valuable impressions which are not easily seen under normal lighting conditions. Whether the impressions are indoors or out, they should be photographed, documented, lifted and/or cast. Crime Scene Footwear Evidence Footwear evidence can be found in two forms, impressions and prints. The impression is normally described as a three-dimensional impression, such as an impression in mud or a soft material; and the print is described as a print made on a solid surface by dust, powder, or a similar medium. Footwear evidence, as well latent fingerprint evidence, is classified into three categories of crime scene prints: 1. Visible Prints 2. Plastic Prints 3. Latent Prints The Visible Prints: A visible print occurs when the footwear steps into a foreign substance and is contaminated by it, and then comes in contact with a clean surface and is pressed onto that surface The Plastic Prints: Plastic prints are impressions that occur when the footwear steps into a soft surface, such as deep mud, snow, wet sand, or dirt creating a three-dimensional impression. The Latent Prints: Latent prints are the most overlooked print and are generally found on smooth surfaces. They can be developed the some way latent fingerprints are. Crime Scene Photographs Footwear impressions can be located in and outside the crime scene. Remember, the suspect had to arrive and depart the scene. The location that will later be photographed in detail should be photographed showing the general crime scene and surrounding areas. Complete article Footwear, The Missed Evidence is available. Contains information on collecting footprint evidence. training 5