HomeMy WebLinkAbout01-09-2001 ICPD Reports/MemosP L E='
ids c� MEMORANDUM
TO: Members of the Police Citizen's Review Board
FROM: R. J. Winkelhake, Chief of Police ri
�
RE: PCRB #00-04
DATE: December 21, 2000
During the course of this investigation of PCRB 00-04 the complainant chose to
take part in an informal mediation. The complainant met with the investigator
before the informal medication and the process was explained. The complainant
then met with the officers and the officers watch commander.
The complainant was able to address his concern with the officer and watch
commander. Together they were able to review the complaint and able to
discuss each issue. At the conclusion of the discussion the complainant was
satisfied with the results and viewed the complaint as a closed matter.
The complainant signed a memo stating that he was satisfied and does not wish
to pursue the complaint.
November 8, 2000
Chief R. J. Winkelhake,
I met with Officer _ 790206 s 700415 on this date for mediation of PCRB Complaint
#00-0d. After informal mediation I am satisfied and do not wish to pursue the complaint
any further.
Gianni Comito
Marian Karr
From: media@iowa-city.org
Sent: Sunday, December 17, 2000 10:55 AM
marian_karr@iowa-city.org
oubject: RELEASE: Traffic Stop Demographics
Contact: Sgt. Bill Campbell - Iowa City Police Department
Phone: (319) 356-5293
Date: 12-17-2000
Time: 10:35 am
Authority of: Chief R.J. Winkelhake
The Iowa City Police Department compiles race and sex
demographic information on drivers of vehicles stopped by
members of the department.
Below are the totals for each demographic catagory, from January
2000 through November 2000.
Male White - 7,967
Male Black - 782
Male Hispanic - 224
Male Asian - 271
Male Other - 163
Male Unknown - 38
Female White - 4,852
Female Black - 328
Female Hispanic - 86
Female Asian - 125
=.male Other - 40
:male Unknown - 14
Unknown - 5
TOTAL - 14,895
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1
Local
Iowa City Press -Citizen
Iowa City
Vehicle -stop
numbers released
The Iowa City Police
Department compiled race
and sex demographic infor-
mation on drivers of vehicles
stopped by members of the
department.
Below are the numbers
for each demographic cate-
gory from January 2000
through December 2000:
■ Male, white: 8,583
■ Male, black: 839
■ Male, Hispanic: 244
■ Male, Asian: 293
■ Male, other. 172
■ Male, unknown: 41
■ Female, white: 5,184
■ Female, black: 348
■ Female, Hispanic: 91
■ Female, Asian: 138
■ Female, other. 45
■ Female, unknown: 15
■ Unknown: 5
Total: 15,998
Page 3A
Thursday,
January 4,
2001
TACT/CAL DECEPTION
TALKING SUSPECTS INTO CUSTODY
BYANDREWJ. BORRELLO
As Police Officers, we have been trained and entrusted
to be honest and ethical in all areas of our job. These
are qualities and characteristics expected of our
profession by statute and policy. There are, however,
occasions during the performance of our duties when
we, as Police Officers, can and should deceive,
mislead, cause deception, and temporarily hide the
truth. However you want to label it, this form of
deception is done to afford an Officer with enhanced
control providing an added margin of safety. This is
Tactical Deception.
An officer determines during a traffic stop that a male is
under the influence of alcohol and will be arrested. He
or she has a back-up officer but this male is 6-5,
weighs 250 pounds, he is nervous and agitated, and
has verbally made it clear that he does not want to go
to jail. The officer tells the man he is under arrest and
to put his hands behind his back or goes to initiate a
hands on control hold which also alerts the suspect, it's
time to go to jail. The suspect begins a violent struggle
to escape and the fight is on. The suspect may get
hurt, the Officers may get hurt, but either way an
unnecessary altercation and use of force has occurred.
With the application of tactical deception, the
INSIDE THIS ISSUE
Tactical Deception
Persons With Disabilities
4 Runaway or Abduction
continued on page 2
Working With Persons With
Disabilities
Adapted from: Model Policy ADA
It is estimated that there are 43 million people in the
United States with a disability. These are general
divided into physical or mental disabilities. The Police
Department is obligated and determined to provide the
full range of services to persons with disabilities.
These services require that personnel recognize
symptoms of a disability, sensitivity and appropriate
support when dealing with persons with disability,
access to interpreters as needed, and access to
necessary departmental and non -departmental
resources. Departmental personnel must take the
steps necessary to assist people with disabilities in
accessing the full range of immediate and follow-up
services provided by the Iowa City Police Department.
Following is a brief discussion of various types of
disabilities.
Visual Disabilities
One of the most important steps an officer can take
when dealing with a person who is blind or visually
impaired is to identify themselves as a member of the
department. When responding to a residence this may
entail having the ECO contact the person and advise
that the officer is on scene. If meeting with a person in
a public case allowing them to touch a badge may
serve to reassure them that they are in fact dealing with
the police. Officers should avoid taking the person by
the arm in an attempt to guide him/her. If assistance is
needed, they may seek your arm.
Mental, Emotional, and Psychological Disabilities
The terms "mental illness", "emotional illness" and
"psychological illness", describe a group of disabilities
causing disturbances in thinking, feeling, and relating. It
has been estimated that 10 percent of the population
have some type of mental illness. Dealing with these
type disabilities usually requires providing only general
assistance, but may require time and patience beyond
that usually provided. If involved in a custodial
situation, the presence of a family member or friend
may be useful in calming the individual. Officers should
use the least amount of restraint necesWoctenWfWl
training f
continued from page
aforementioned scenario may have a different
outcome. After the Officer determined the man is to be
arrested for driving under the influence under all the
same conditions as listed in example #1, he or she
tells the suspect that he will be allowed to walk home
after a license check is completed. The officer then
calls for two additional Officers to assist in the arrest
based on the size and disposition of the suspect. By
temporarily deceiving the suspect, tactically, the
Officer bought him or herself more time and doubled
the manpower, 4 to 1 instead of 2 to 1. Now the
arresting Officer can make the arrest and if a fight
ensues, the officer's safety factor and advantage has
been greatly increased. Additionally, many suspects
would think a lot harder on their capabilities to escape
or their will to fight when facing 4 Officers as opposed
to 2.
Have you ever contacted an addict who was under the
influence but was uncooperative with your evaluation?
Try telling him/her that you understand their problem
as you have a close relative who has been an addict
for years and ask for some advice. Many addicts
respond to this tactical deception with great
enthusiasm and become very cooperative. How about
the husband that beat his wife and will fight before he
gets arrested? Try telling him that the situation is not
his fault and that it appears to you that the whole thing
is a big misunderstanding. Follow this by saying that
you don't want to arrest him but the law forces you to
do it and that it will help him to get away for the night.
This does not work all the time, nothing does, but
these two simple sentences can get many suspects on
your side as you safely talk him into handcuffs.
How about gang members who are often violent, carry
weapons, or run. Gang members hate to lose face in
front of their associates and especially in front of
females and often fight or become uncooperative with
Police to prove themselves. In certain situations, try
telling a gang member to be arrested and who you
believe may fight or attempt escape, that he is the only
one in the group with guts enough to not always run
when the police come. By saying this simple sentence,
or similar applicable sentence, you have lifted his
status a couple notches and especially if you say it so
others can hear it. You have given the suspect what he
wants most, respect from an authority figure. You may
also tell him that it would be a bad idea to fight as his
friends would lose respect for him if he is seen taken
into custody by force. Tell him a man is not afraid to go
to jail. The key words the gang member hears are man
and afraid. He wants to be considered a man and
never be seen as afraid.
As you can see, this tactic can be applied to many
situations, domestic violence, persons under the
influence, gang member contacts, as well as many
other types of arrest situations. Another example of
tactical deception I have found successful is at the
point of arrest, I tell the suspect that before I leave the
scene I first need do a quick search to double check
that he has no weapons. The suspect believing that
freedom is near is only too happy to comply with my
wishes. I can now safely and easily apply a powerful
control hold, conduct my search, and then tell the
suspect that he is under arrest while the handcuffs are
safely being applied. By doing this, I have given myself
added control which enhanced my level of safety.
These are but a few of the many situations tactical
deception can be applied to give added safety to
Officers in otherwise potentially adverse situations.
The key is to be clever and use your imagination.
Now the question arises, "How can Police Officers not
telling the truth be ethical?" Police Officers are
supposed to be honest, have integrity, and tell the
truth. When an Officer uses any of his or her
resources, skills, training, and experience to his or her
advantage and this advantage resulted in a fight not
occurring, or an officer not getting hurt, or a suspect
unable to escape, then that action can be labeled as
smart Police work. Temporary deception, applied
correctly, is smart police work. Seasoned patrol
veterans use it daily, experienced police interviewers
depend on it, and injury has been avoided more than
once because of it. If a defense attorney asked me in
front of a jury why I lied to the defendant, inferring that
this type of action was wrong or unethical, my answer
would be something like this:
"I did not immediately tell the defendant the truth
based upon his aggressive actions which led me to
believe, based on my training and experience, that a
fight or escape would happen. I temporarily mislead
the defendant until my back-up officers arrived and
until the situation could be controlled without me or my
fellow officers getting hurt and to avoid any use of
force on the defendant. Once control was
accomplished, I advised the defendant that he was
under arrest and took him safely into custody without
incident and nobody was hurt."
Now, if it is not painfully clear, temporary deception,
used by officers for safety reasons, to stall for time, or
to avoid an impending altercation is a valuable tactic.
Deception or dishonesty in any other form such as in
report writing, testimony, etc. has no place in law
enforcement.
Naturally tactical deception is not needed in every
arrest, however, it is a tool among many others we
have that can be utilized to our advantage. Tactical
deception can be a great asset providing for increased
safety, better control of situations, and to avoid uses of
force on suspects. Unethical behavior or smart Police
work. You be the judge.
training 2
,-- 1 1
UPCOMING TRAINING i--i I
The following is a listing of training, which MAY be available.
DO NOT consider this a posting. Any request to attend
based on this listing will not be considered a request to
attend.
CALENDAR OF EVENTS
TRAINING EVENT
PLACE MONTGOMERY HALL
DATE BEGINNING 1/8/01 5 CONSECUTIVE WEEKS
MATS
TRAINING EVENT
PLACE MTTU IV
DATE 02/12-16101
Criminal Investigative Techniques
TRAINING EVENT
PLACE MTTU IV
DATE 03/12-16/01
Decision Making for Law Enforcement Officers (Use of Force
Training involving classroom and use of simunition)
TRAINING EVENT
PLACE CRPD RANGE
DATE WEEK OF MAY 21 ST
Spring Firearm qualification/training
CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION
In July and August, the County Atty. provided
information for the bulletin and WT relating to
constructive and actual possession. This was
emphasized again in a court case in the Sept. Bulletin.
On Nov. 16, 2000 the Iowa Supreme Court decided
State v Atkinson, which again reiterates the necessity
for determining the extent to which a person is
connected to the contents (contraband) contained in a
vehicle. In this case the court states ...When the
controlled substance is found in a car there are factors
to be considered in whether the defendant had
knowledge of its existence, such as: contraband in
plain view of the defendant, with the defendant's
personal effects, found on same side of the car as the
defendant, the defendant is owner of vehicle, and
suspicious activity by the defendant. In this case, the
State proved only that the defendant had engaged in
suspicious activity. The defendant's close proximity to
the contraband is insufficient alone to establish her
dominion and control of it....
continued from page 1
take the person in to custody. Departmental personnel
should consider referring or seeking assistance from
appropriate outside agencies.
Mental Retardation
Mental retardation encompasses a broad range of
developmental disabilities ranging from mild to
profound. Mental retardation and mental illness are
separate and distinct conditions with no similarity.
When dealing with person of limited intellectual
functioning officers should consider asking short
questions, be patient while waiting for a response, and
be willing to repeat question as necessary. If a family
member or friend is available, they may be invaluable
in assisting with the subject. When dealing with
someone who is lost, accompanying the person
through a building or neighborhood to seek visual
clues may prove of benefit.
Mobility Impairments
Among the most identifiable are those persons with
mobility impairments. When responding to an
emergency call involving a person with a mobility
impairment, officers should be cognizant of the safest
and most rapid method of assisting the person without
causing unnecessary strain or injury. In an arrest
situation, once the person is secure and safety issues
are resolved, consideration should be given to the
return of any mobility aids.
"Invisible" Disabilities
Many disabilities are difficult to notice. Officers must
realize that the involuntary behavior associated with
some of these disabilities may resemble behavior
characteristics of intoxication or disorderly conduct.
Le. epilepsy, diabetes or tourette's syndrome. An
officer's patience and understanding of the
characteristics commonly associated with "invisible"
disabilities will assist in coming to a successful
outcome. As with other types of disabilities, the
presence of family members or friends may be useful
in providing information.
Speech and Hearing disabilities
As exemplified in other training, a person's failure to
comply or respond to verbal commands does not
always constitute defiance, but may be the result of a
hearing impairment. When dealing with the hearing
impaired, officers need to take extra time to ensure
that they have adequately communicated with the
hearing impaired. In custodial situations it is of the
utmost importance that officers take steps to see that
the rights of the hearing impaired are protected.
When responding to calls involving persons with
disabilities, you have an obligation to ensure that the
person with disabilities services and protections
comparable to those provided those without
training 3
Runaway or Abduction
Assessment Tools for Patrol Officers
When a child disappears, the responding officer must
make the determination as to the extent of the
response. The identification of a case as runaway
when in fact it is abduction may decrease the
likelihood of the child being safely returned. This is
exacerbated by the fact that there are approximately
450,000 runaways in the United States at any given
time. Without obvious indicators of abduction, such as
a witness, statistics indicate that the child is most likely
a runaway. If officers work on the assumption that it is
a runaway, evidence of abduction may often be
overlooked.
Assessing the Situation
The responding officers initial assessment will have a
great impact on the outcome of the missing child case
and may determine whether the child is recovered and
returned home safely. No other investigation is as
time sensitive. If abduction is erroneously classified as
a runaway, crucial investigative opportunities may be
jeopardized. To assess a missing child report
accurately, the responding officer must explore the
child's lifestyle and behaviors. In addition the officer
must assess whether a voluntary departure is
consistent with the child's behavior pattern. Officers
should determine if the child is living with both parents
or if there is a non -custodial or a shared custody
parent who may have the child or know of their
whereabouts.
Officers should interview parents separately from other
family members. During the parental interview, officer
should compile a physical description of the child, a
clothing description if available, and a current
photograph. Determine if the child has runaway in the
This and That
past. If so where did the child go? Throughout the
interview process the officer should attempt to
establish if the absence is a significant deviation from
established patterns of behavior. Through interviews
the officer should develop and verify as thoroughly as
possible a timeline of the child's last known activities,
identify habits, hobbies, interests and identify the
known "comfort zone" of the child. How much time
transpired between the child's last known activity and
the parent's report? Note any changes in behavior or
activity, identify any traumatic or stressful events. Did
the child exhibit any "runaway" gestures such as
staying out all night, threats, or other behavior that was
contrary to normal or accepted behavior. Are there
indications of child abuse within the residence?
Additionally efforts should be made to identify and
interview friends, teachers or others who regularly had
contact with the child. Who would the child go to
receive assistance?
Scene Assessment - A search of the missing child's
residence can provide information that may assist in
determining if the incident is a runaway or abduction.
Are there signs of forced entry? Is the child's room in a
different state than normal. Are there things missing
from the child's room, i.e. clothes, toiletries,
medications, favorite objects? Does the child have
access to money, credit cards, transportation, and
have they been accessed. This would indicate the
disappearance was preplanned. Additionally officers
should consider a thorough search of the property. A
second officer may do this while the initial officer
continues their interview with the parent(s).
In 1998, 15,935 fatalities and 305,000 injuries were related to impaired driving, accounting for one fatality nearly
every 33 minutes and one injury every two minutes. Additionally, traffic -related crashes annually result in more
than $45 billion in economic costs.
Reminder: When completing a Use of Force report, in the "Type of Incident" box, you need to specify the original
reason for contact with the subject. If you end up using force on someone resulting from your stopping a person
for another officer you need to use the original reason for the contact by the originating officer.
In State v. Bloomer, decided by the Iowa Supreme Court 10/11/2000, it was determined that although a defendant
(suspect/OWI) is entitled to an independent test for alcohol content, that right does not arise until after the
defendant completes the test requested by the officer.
"Even if you're on the right track, if you stand still you'll get run over by the train. Will Rogers
training 4
IOWA CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT
TRAINING BULLETIN 01-33
DATE: Dec. 4th, 2000
TO: Commanders (All Sworn)
FROM: k.hurd
SUBJECT: RR Crossing Violations
This weeks watch training deals with RR crossing hazards and violations. The
attached video identifies various driver obligations, traffic violations and
investigative tips associated with RR crossings.
Cc: Chief Winkelhake
Capt. Harney
Capt. Widmer
Watch Training 01-21
RR Grade Crossing Violations
Scenario - You are stopped second in line at a RR crossing. There is a moving, train
visible approx. 100 yards away moving towards the intersection. The crossi ght$-are
activated when you observe a vehicle on the opposite side of the tracks pull around a
vehicle stopped in front of it and the vehicle then accelerates across the tracks.
Critical Issues - What is the appropriate charge? Is there a difference between going
through flashing RR lights and going around/through a lowered arm? The Code of Iowa
has the following requirements and prohibitions relating to RR crossings:
321.304 Prohibited Passing - No vehicle shall, in overtaking and passing another vehicle
or at any other time, be driven to the left side of the roadway under the following
conditions: ... 2. When approaching within one hundred feet of any narrow bridge,
viaduct, or tunnel, when so signposted, or when approaching within one hundred feet of
or traversing any intersection or railroad grade crossing.
SPECIAL STOPS REQUIRED
321.341 Obedience to signal of train.
When a person driving a vehicle approaches a railroad grade crossing and warning is
given by automatic signal, crossing gates, a flag person, or otherwise of the immediate
approach of a train, the driver of the vehicle shall stop within fifty feet but not less than
fifteen feet from the nearest rail and shall not proceed until the driver can do so safely.
The driver of a vehicle shall stop and remain standing and not traverse such a grade
crossing when a crossing gate is lowered or when a human flagman gives or continues to
give a signal of the approach or passage of a train.
321.342 Stop at certain railroad crossings —posting warning.
The driver of any vehicle approaching a railroad grade crossing across which traffic is
regulated by a stop sign, a railroad sign directing traffic to stop or an official traffic
control signal displaying a flashing red or steady circular red colored light shall stop prior
to crossing the railroad at the first opportunity at either the clearly marked stop line or at
a point near the crossing where the driver has a clear view of the approaching railroad
traffic.
Chapters 321.354 - .358 contain prohibitions on parking within a RR right of way.
Discussion - The attached video discusses grade crossing violations. It discusses the
obligations of drivers when approaching RR crossings. It also discusses trespassing
issues. The RR right of way is private property and persons may be subject to trespassing
charges.
(TI bonus: what is the misstatement in the video?)
cj
IOWA CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT
TRAINING BULLETIN Ol -34
i
DATE: Dec.11th, 2000
TO: Commanders (All Sworn)
FROM: k.hurd
SUBJECT: WT 01-24 Vehicle Damage Estimates
This weeks watch training deals "guestimating vehicle damage." The attached
sheets were adapted from "cheat sheets" used by the Iowa State Patrol. You will
need to determine where the involved vehicles "fit' in the range. Also there is
reference to the new state accident report forms which go into effect on 01/01/01.
Cc: Chief Winkelhake
Capt. Harney
Capt. Widmer
Watch Training 01-24 -•
Vehicle Damage Estimates
Scenario - You respond to a car deer accident. There is damage to the frontpart of the.v
car. You need to estimate the total amount of damage. .r
Critical Issues - What guidelines should I follow when making a "guestimate" of the
dollar amount of the damage. What is the dollar value of the deer? What if it struck a
loose steer instead?
Discussion -
Iowa Code Chapter 321.266(2) is as follows:
The driver of a vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to or death of any
person, or total property damage to an apparent extent of one thousand dollars or more
shall also, within seventy-two hours after the accident, forward a written report of the
accident to the department.
While it is not expected that officers will be able to accurately estimate the amount of
damage of vehicles involved in a crash, we should attempt to get a reasonable "ballpark"
figure. Most of our estimates involve the under estimation of vehicle damage. The
underestimation of damage creates several problems among which are: confusion on the
part of the owner as to the filing of a State Accident Report, Inaccurate data being entered
in Records, Inaccurate data being provided to other governmental agencies for use in
their decision making process.
In the above scenario for figuring total damage, a deer would have a value of $00.
Livestock or domesticated animals should be placed at their market value.
The attached guidelines have been adapted and updated from "cheat sheets" used by the
Iowa State Patrol when estimating vehicle damage. The estimates do not include labor,
which can very from shop to shop.
Using the attached guidelines if the grill, headlights, hood and windshield were damaged
and it were a relatively new mid -priced car, you could estimate the damage at:
Grill $200
Headlights $200
Hood $600
Windshield $300
For a total dollar amount of $1300, thus requiring a state accident report to be filled out.
(The new forms have abbreviated instructions for car/deer accidents)
With the attached cheat sheet you will need to determine where in the range the
vehicle(s) involved fit and make your estimate accordingly.
Average Repair Costs
(does not include labor)
Grill
$150 - 300
Windshield
$150 - 400
Side windows
$150
Hood
$400 - 800
Trunk
$350 - 500
Rear hatch/lift gate
$600
Rear Window
$350 - 700
Taillights (both)
$150
Headlights (both)
$150 - 300
Rear fender quarter
$550 - 800
Door
$300 - 500
Front Fender/Quarter
$300 - 600
Roof
$700 - 900
Grill
$150 - 300
Radiator
$350 - 600
Bumper
$250 - 700
Wheel
$150 - 500
(higher with defrost)
For luxury or "foreign sports cars" add 20% to the higher figure
FII._FD
Ci!
IOWA CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT
TRAINING BULLETIN 0 1 -3 5
DATE: Dec.18th, 2000
TO: Commanders (All Sworn)
FROM: k.hurd
SUBJECT: WT 01-25 State (Ohio) v Homan
This weeks watch training deals in greater detail with State (Ohio) v Homan.
This was touched upon briefly in the Nov. Bulletin, but put briefly, when
administering SFST officers need to follow the procedures developed by the
NHTSA. The Homan decision also pointedly demonstrates the importance of
detailed, complete reports. Even though the SFST were not allowed, Homan
was convicted based on the observations and documentation of the officer.
While not binding on Iowa, the decision was a topic at the Prosecuting Attorneys
conference in Nov., which resulted in the Prosecuting Attorneys sending out
training information. They fully expect Homan type defenses in the near future.
Cc: Chief Winkelhake
Capt. Harney
Capt. Widmer
Watch Training 01-25
State v Homan (Ohio)
Scenario - You observe a vehicle drifting over the centerline a couple times. You stop
the vehicle and detect an odor of alcohol coming from the driver. I uhbles for his
drivers' license. You decide to administer field sobriety tests. "
Critical Issues - How should the tests be administered. Is there any problem if I vary
from the procedures established by the NHTSA? Is it possible to obtain a conviction w/o
the SFSTs?
Discussion - In State (Ohio) v Homan (mentioned in the Nov. training bulletin), decided
by the Ohio Supreme Court in August 2000, it was decided that minor variations from the
instructions/procedures established by the NHTSA, render the results of the test
unreliable. The decision stated in part, "When field sobriety testing is conducted in a
manner that departs from established methods and procedures, the results are inherently
unreliable." "The NHTSA concluded that field sobriety tests are an effective means of
detecting legal intoxication only when: the tests are administered in the prescribed,
standardized manner, ***the standardized clues are used to assess the suspect's
performance, and ***the standardized criteria are employed to interpret that
performance." "...If any one of the standardized field sobriety test elements is changed,
the validity is compromised." "...The small margins of error that characterize field
sobriety tests make strict compliance critical." "...it is well established that in field
sobriety testing even minor deviations from the standardized procedures can severely bias
the results." In a consenting opinion, "... field sobriety test results are admissible at trial
only if the officer strictly complied with standardized testing procedures." ...the care
with which a field sobriety test is administered has a decisive effect on the test's
reliability, and hence its evidentiary value."
As noted in the Nov. Training Bulletin Homan's conviction was upheld even the field
sobriety tests were disallowed because the officer detailed the other factors; driving,
behavior, odor, in his report.
While Homan is a decision by the Ohio Supreme Court and is not binding on Iowa
Courts, it may be cited or serve as reference for the Iowa Courts. The implications of this
case are such that it was a topic for the Iowa Prosecuting Attorney's conference in
November.
FYI it is expected that the admissibility of "non -procedural" SFST will be challenged.
REMEMBER THE TITLE: STANDARDIZED Field Sobriety Tests.
With this in mind, the Iowa Prosecuting Attorneys have provided the following refresher
from the ILEA training manual.
(Complete Homan decision available in the Training office)