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HomeMy WebLinkAbout09-30-2021 Ad Hoc Truth and Reconciliation CommissionAd Hoc Truth and Reconciliation Commission Agenda Thursday, September 30, 7PM Emma J. Harvat Hall Iowa City City Hall 410 E. Washington Street In order to encourage input from the public, the Commission intends to offer the opportunity to participate in the meeting remotely. HOWEVER, THIS MEETING IS IN -PERSON, AND THOSE WISHING TO ENSURE THEIR ABILITY TO PARTICIPATE SHOULD ATTEND THE MEETING IN -PERSON. If you instead wish to participate remotely, you may attempt to do so by joining the meeting via Zoom by going to: https://us06web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN ZliKoUxcSB2o-XLnk7tQIA. If you are asked for a meeting ID, enter Meeting ID: 923 5355 5433 to enter a 'Waiting Room' for the meeting. If you have no computer or smartphone, or a computer without a microphone, you can call in by phone by dialing (312) 626-6799 and entering the meeting ID when prompted. Meeting Agenda: 1. CALLTOORDER 2. ROLL CALL 3. READING OF LAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT & DISCUSSION 4. APPROVAL OF MEETING MINUTES FROM SEPTEMBER 2, 2021 AND SEPTEMBER 16, 2021 5. CONSIDER A MOTION TO HOLD MEETINGS THE 1ST AND 3RD THURSDAYS OF EACH MONTH 6. DISCUSSION ON CITY COUNCIL VOTE ON FACILITATOR AGREEMENT AND NEXT STEPS 7. COMMUNITY COMMENT ON THE TRC'S CHARGES INCLUDING FACT-FINDING AND TRUTH - TELLING 8. REPORTS OF COMMISSIONERS/STAFF :lfi_1�71flfi1:7�I�I��11 If you will need a disability -related accommodation to participate in this meeting please contact the Equity Director, Stefanie Bowers, at 319-356-5022 or at stefanie-bowers@iowa-city.org. Early requests are strongly encouraged to allow sufficient time to meet your accessibility needs. I r i CITY OF IOWA CITY 410 East Washington Street Iowa City, Iowa 52240-1826 (319) 356-5000 (319) 356-5009 FAX www.icgov.org AD HOC TRUTH & RECONCILIATION COMMISSION SEPTEMBER 30, 2021 MEETING PACKET CONTENTS AGENDA ITEM #3 • LAND ACKNOWLEDGMENT AGENDA ITEM #4 • DRAFT MEETING MINUTES OF SEPTEMBER 2, 2021 AGENDA ITEM #7 • RESOLUTION ESTABLISHING THE AD HOC TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION Native American land Acknowledgement Prepared for the City of Iowa City's Ad Hoc Truth and Reconciliation Commission and Human Rights Commission PURPOSE Iowa City owes its existence to the many Indigenous Peoples who were the original stewards of this land and who were subjected to manipulation and violence by non-native settlers, invaders, and governments in order to make this moment possible. Acknowledgement of this truth is central to our work toward reconciliation across all barriers of difference and injustice. Starting with a Native American Land Acknowledgement, this Commission will bear witness to the legacies of violent displacement, migration, and settlement that have marginalized those who were the first inhabitants of this land. We must also address the mistreatment and exclusion that Native Americans continue to face today. The Ad Hoc Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Human Rights Commission encourage the community and City of Iowa City to join us in these efforts through the use of a Native American Land Acknowledgement. LAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To be read at all public meetings and events: "We meet today in the community of Iowa City, which now occupies the homelands of Native American Nations to whom we owe our commitment and dedication. The area of Iowa City was within the homelands of the Iowa, Meskwaki, and Sauk, and because history is complex and time goes far back beyond memory, we also acknowledge the ancient connections of many other Indigenous Peoples here. The history of broken treaties and forced removal that dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of their homelands was and is an act of colonization and genocide that we can not erase. We implore the Iowa City community to commit to understanding and addressing these injustices as we work toward equity, restoration, and reparations." LEARN MORE Native Governance Center Guide to Indigenous Land Acknowledgement US Department of Arts and Culture: Honor Native Land Virtual Resources and Guide Meskwaki Nation - History Special thanks to the University of Iowa Native American Council for their work and guidance, as well as members of the public, for their input. September 2, 2021 Draft Ad Hoc Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Minutes Emma J. Harvat Hall City Hall Commissioners present: Amel Ali, Daphney Daniel (via Zoom), Chastity Dillard, Wangui Gathua, Clifton Johnson (via Zoom), Sikowiss (Christine Nobiss via Zoom), Kevin Rivera, Mohamed Traore. Commissioners not present: Eric Harris. Staff present: Stefanie Bowers, Theresa Vanatter. Recommendations to City Council: Yes, for City Council to vote on only the line item for the facilitator in the amount of $197.907.00 for the budget. Meeting called to order: 7:09. Reading of Land Acknowledgement: Ali read the Land Acknowledgement. Presentation and Q&A with Kerns and West for TRC Facilitator: Panelists: Dr. Larry Scheeler, Eduardo Gonzalez, Kyle Vint, and Sara Omar. Kerns and West is a woman owned firm that has 11 offices across the US. The firm has subject matter expertise in policing and a deep understanding of diversity and inclusion with experience in working with Truth and Reconciliation Commissions and are committed to the values of such commissions. Kyle Vint has lived and worked in the Iowa City and eastern Iowa area. Kearns and West can assist the TRC in their process by: • Providing process and subject matter expertise in approach and design. • Helping the TRC define and carry out the core values. • Serving as neutral facilitators with conflict resolution and consensus building expertise. • Empowering the TRC to identify and elevate community voices. If selected Kerns and West would be able to start as soon as this month. Most TRC's take 2 years at minimum to complete their work. The panelist have all worked together before and have enormous experience in this area. Dr. Schooler would serve as the project manager. Kerns and West notes four important things, the need to listen, consensus, establishing ground rules, and creating a safe space. (No one from the public commented). The TRC decided to defer item 7 on the agenda —vote on whether to recommend to the City Council that Kerns and West be selected as the independent contractor/facilitator for the TRC. The TRC agreed to only recommend to the City Council the budgetary amount needed to hire Kerns and West, $197.907. Motion passed 7-1 (Nobiss in the negative). Adjourn: 9:44 PM This meeting can be viewed at https://citychannel4.com/cai-bin/vdb/vtp.i)l?id=F21718 a 0 M P a N a, k X X X k >C k O X k O X X X k k k k N N k k X X X k O k k k O X X X k k k X �C N M �n k k X X X k O k k N e N Ca N N N N N N N v F � R R � Prepared by: Council members Janice Weiner and Laura Bergus I Resolution No. 20-228 Resolution establishing Ad Hoc Truth and Reconciliation Commission Whereas, in Resolution No. 20-159 (Initial Commitments addressing the Black Lives Matter Movement and Systemic Racism in the wake of the murder of George Floyd by the Minneapolis Police and calls for action from protesters and residents), the Iowa City City Council resolved as follows: By October 1, 2020, create an ad hoc Truth and Reconciliation Commission to bear witness to the truth of racial injustice in Iowa City and to carry out restorative justice, through the collection of testimony and public hearings, with such work to include a recommendation to the Council of a plan for dedicating and/or renaming public spaces and/or rights of way in honor of the Black Lives Matter movement; and, Whereas, the City Council committed to allocate City funds of $1,000,000 during the present Fiscal Year to support Resolution 20-159, which includes a variety of initiatives, among them the Truth and Reconciliation Commission; and, Whereas, truth and reconciliation underscores the imperative that confronting and reckoning with the past is necessary for successful transitions from conflict, injustice, resentment and tension to peace, equality and connectedness; and, Whereas, while we acknowledge that other forms of injustice and challenges have occurred over the course of the history of the city of Iowa City, the focus of this Commission is on race; and, Whereas, the City Council acknowledges the existence of painful, systemic, persistent, and varied forms of racial injustice in Iowa City, and acknowledges that such injustice persists despite past efforts to address it, consistent with observations that systemic racism and white privilege are deeply resistant to change; and, Whereas, the Iowa City community must look comprehensively into its past and bear witness to the truth of racial injustice in order to provide the best possible foundation for moving into a future of equity based on healing and hope; and, Whereas, the City Council recognizes that, for a Truth and Reconciliation process to be meaningful, it must include bold action to confront privilege, stimulate difficult conversations, and reach and engage a full cross-section of the community, including those in the community not inclined to engage or resistant to engagement; and, Whereas, a comprehensive process will require that City of Iowa City departments and the City Council itself participate, including individual councilors, in good faith, in the process and to actively encourage broad participation throughout the community, and the City Council hereby commits to such participation and encouragement; and, Whereas, creation of an Ad Hoc Truth and Reconciliation Commission is in the best interests of the City and its residents. Now, Therefore, Be It Resolved by the City Council of the City of Iowa City, that: 1. The Ad Hoc Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) is hereby established Resolution No. 20-228 Page 2 2. The TRC shall have nine members who are representative of the City's BIPOC communities and organizations, including those who have direct lived experience with systemic racism, as well as experts who support those communities. To the extent possible, as determined by the City Council, the TRC shall include representation from groups such as the Iowa Freedom Riders, the Black Voices Project, the South District Neighborhood Association, the Iowa City Human Rights Commission, and the Community Police Review Board. Johnson County residency is required. Iowa City residency is preferred but not required if an applicant offers expertise or representation not available from applicants who reside in Iowa City. Members of other City boards and commissions are eligible to serve on the TRC. 3. Applications for membership on the TRC shall be announced, advertised, and available in the same manner as those for all City boards and commissions. 4. The TRC shall select the Chair, who when present will preside over all meetings, and the Vice -Chair, who will serve as chair in the absence of the Chair. 5. Within the charges of the TRC set forth herein, the TRC is not required to seek approval from the City Council, mayor, or city manager to set its own agenda and prioritize its activities. 6. The TRC shall be facilitated by an independent consultant, funded by the City, with expertise in group facilitation and human rights, and to the extent possible, experience with diversity, implicit bias, mediation and conflict resolution, until such time as the TRC concludes by the favorable vote of at least three -fourths of all the members of the TRC (7/9) that facilitation is no longer needed. 7. To conform with the requirements of laws pertaining to open meetings and public records and to facilitate transparency and public education and participation, administrative/clerical assistance and media/event assistance shall be provided by City staff as determined by the City Manager and City Clerk. Media assistance may be supplemented by outside expertise on a case -by -case basis if the Commission believes it will substantially expand outreach. 8. The TRC shall determine the frequency and conduct of its meetings. The meetings will be open to the public and conducted in accordance with Chapter 21 of the Iowa Code. Records, documentation, and communications of the TRC will be public records under Chapter 22 of the Iowa Code. 9. The TRC shall serve from the date of appointment of all members to June 30, 2022. The TRC shall have an organizational meeting no later than 30 days after the appointment of all members. 10. Within 90 days of its organizational meeting, the TRC shall recommend to City Council a preliminary budget for funds needed to carry out the charges of the TRC beyond what existing City staff, programs, and services can provide. 11. The charges of the TRC are as follows: A. Fact -Finding The TRC shall collect evidence, including first-hand testimony, of discrimination and racial injustice in multiple settings and compile a complete record of racial injustices that will inform and support the fundamental institutional and policy reforms necessary to address systemic racism. Resolution No. 20-228 Page 3 B. Truth -Telling The TRC shall: 1) Provide multiple fora and creative opportunities for persons impacted and traumatized by racial injustice to share their stories of racial injustice and experience to be heard by: (a) fellow communities of color; (b) a broad cross section of the entire Iowa City community; and (c) key decision - makers in city government, the business community and the University; 2) Explore ways to provide such opportunities through art, music, theater, workshops, rallies and other forms of congregation, multimedia and listening designed to reveal truths that cannot be fully expressed in traditional fora; and, 3) Create a repository for community stories expressed in multiple media (written, video, audio, art) that can be catalogued and used to educate and inform members of the community. C. Reconciliation The TRC shall: 1) Provide opportunity for and facilitate direct conversation among and between community members of color, white community members and representatives of various sectors in which people of color experience discrimination and injustice (e.g. police and protesters, landlords and tenants, students and teachers, patients and health care providers, business owners and staff); 2) Create a replicable model that provides a structure for enabling these conversations throughout the city; 3) Make available opportunities for a broad cross section of the community to learn about discrimination and racial injustice in our community; and, 4) Identify and recommend to the City Council institutional and policy reforms, new social practices, expectations, protocols, habits, rituals, conversations and celebrations that will move Iowa City toward a shared experience of race and difference, justice and equity and community and harmony. 12. The TRC shall strive to provide a safe and supportive space for its work, premised on mutual respect, and shall conduct its work so as to promote healing and justice. The TRC shall consider the possibility of adverse actions against those who participate in its work. The TRC shall carefully consider mechanisms to protect participants, and shall work to support those who allege harm due to their participation in the TRC process. 13. The TRC shall submit periodic updates to City Council to include, but not be limited to: its plans for community education; recommendations for Council action; requests for resources the TRC needs to carry out its work; and recommendations to dedicate and/or rename public spaces and/or rights of way in honor of the Black Lives Matter movement. 14. By May 1, 2022 the TRC shall submit to City Council: A. A report summarizing the work of the TRC. B. A repository of community stories expressed in multiple media (written, video, audio, art). C. Recommendations to the City Council for: 1) Institutional and policy reforms to end systemic racism; 2) Opportunities to create new social practices, expectations, protocols, habits, rituals and celebrations that will move Iowa City toward a shared experience of race and difference, justice and equity and community and harmony; 3) Measures to enhance the autonomy/security/sovereignty of communities of color and mitigate disparities in social and economic power; and 4) A recommendation on whether and in what form the work of the Commission should continue. 15. At any time in its work, and no later than June 30, 2022, the TRC shall strive to submit to City Council a replicable model and structure for conversations between people of color Resolution No. 20-228 Page 4 and white community members and representatives of various sectors in which people of color experience discrimination and injustice. 16. Absent further action by the City Council, the TRC will dissolve on June 30, 2022. Passed and approved this 15 day of September, 2020. ted by ,nW City Attorney's Office — 09/10/2020 The following documents were handels out during the meeting. Chris Olney From: Stefanie Bowers Sent: Friday, October 1, 2021 9:45 AM To: Chris Olney Subject: FW: Proposal to support the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Iowa City Late Handout TRC meeting of 9/30. From: Eduardo Gonzalez <eduardo@gonzalezc.com> Sent: Wednesday, September 29, 20214:26 PM To: Kevin Rivera <KeyorIyera.trCCa)gmaiI,com> Cc: Dave Ragland <davidiraelandfrasmail.com>; Antti Pentikainen <antti.pentikainenAhdl.fi>; Stefanie Bowers <Stefanie - Bowers Iowa-ci .or > Subject: Proposal to support the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Iowa City A Dear members of the TRC of Iowa City: The City Council of Iowa City did not authorize a contract with Kearns and West to provide facilitation to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Such a function is important to ensure the TRC complies with its objectives, and the City Council decision is disappointing. ThinkPeace is a nascent hub for practitioners and collectives committed to advance truth and reconciliation processes in the United States and abroad. Our mission is to provide strategic support to truth commissions and other racial justice and reconciliation initiatives. ThinkPeace combines knowledge on truth and reconciliation processes around the world and trauma healing, to provide actionable advice. Eduardo Gonzalez, an expert with 20 years of global experience, and Dave Ragland, the founder of the Truth Telling Project are members of the hub, and would be the key contacts with the TRC. ThinkPeace, and its partners have secured funding for their activities and do not seek compensation for their offer to share expertise. We believe that, if the TRC decides to continue its work, it deserves the unwavering support of practitioners around the country. We are prepared to discuss with the commission, possible support activities that are consistent with its objectives, including: e Strengthening capacities on the TRC mandate and operations, bringing on comparative experience through weekly calls, webinars and the distribution of literature. • Strengthening capacities on work planning, to ensure action in the period of time allocated to the commission and identifying lines of work that require longer -term action, through a planning process. • Linking up the TRC members with experts across the United States and abroad, as appropriate, with direct knowledge and experience running truth commissions. • Scoping mission to Iowa City to talk with key players and identify challenges and opportunities. The methodology supporting these actions is based on shared analysis, co -creation and respect for the independence of local initiatives. We propose to hold direct conversations with the commission urgently, to identify the best timing for the start of these activities. Our proposal does not intend to substitute Kearns and West's comprehensive proposal, and it cannot cover the breadth of activities and time dedication contemplated by our colleagues at K&W. The spirit of this proposal is to provide a rapid response to the challenge. Our contact information Eduardo Gonzalez elficgc(@gmail.com Dave Ragland davidiraglandCMemail.com Best regards, Eduardo Gonzalez Eduardo Gonzalez Transitional justice expert Phone: +1 347 244 0106 Email: eduardo@gonzalezc.com Skype: gonzalez.eduardo wehsite: http://www.gonzalezc.com 0 ® 0 The following documents were handed out during the meeting. September 16, 2021 Draft Ad Hoc Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Minutes Emma J. Harvat Hall City Hall Commissioners present: Amel Ali, Daphney Daniel (via Zoom), Chastity Dillard, Wangui Gathua, Eric Harris, Clifton Johnson (via Zoom), Kevin Rivera, Mohamed Traore. Commissioners not present: Sikowiss (Christine Nobiss). Staff present: Stefanie Bowers, Theresa Vanatter. Others present who spoke: Annie Tucker, Nicholas Theisen. Recommendations to City Council: Yes, the TRC voted 8-0 to recommend that the City Council enter into an agreement with Kerns and West. Meeting called to order: 7:07. Reading of Land Acknowledgement: Traore read the Land Acknowledgement. Vote to approve the meeting minutes from August 19, 2021: Motion by Traore, seconded by Dillard. Motion passes 8-0. Review of proposed agreement with Kerns and West including reference checks: The scope of the services and timeline for the services as follows. Task 1: Convening and Understanding 1. Activities: a) Task Force meeting kickoff - virtual 90-minute meeting hosted by the City. b) Background research c) Develop strategy, agenda and materials for Task Force kick off meeting d) Kick-off meeting with City of Iowa City staff team, TRC Chair and Vice -Chair e) 1-on-1 interviews with TRC members, selected City staff/Council members f) Develop overall workplan and meeting schedule g) Weekly virtual coordination with City staff team 2. Deliverables: a) Kick-off meeting agenda and presentation materials b) Kick-off meeting coordination and facilitation c) Draft and final kick-off meeting summary and action items d) Online survey - beta test and final Task 2: Design of Fact-Finding/Truth-Telling/Reconciliation Process 1. Activities: a) Conduct interviews via phone, video conference, and email/electronic survey with community organizations to determine best way to engage their respective communities b) Report on findings to TRC c) Draft process design for public events and receive TRC/Staff feedback d) Revise and finalize process This meeting can be viewed at httos:ttcitvchannel4.comlcoi-bin/vdblytp.nl?id=F21739 e) Draft discussion/interview guide and training for Conversation Corps and incorporate TRC/City feedback f) Draft agenda/process for public fact-finding/truth-telling/reconciliation events and incorporate TRC/City feedback g) Draft content for online portal to assist with fact-finding/truth telling and incorporate TRC/City feedback h) Prepare/assist with content for traditional media release, social media, newsletter content, and other means of outreach i) Prepare/assist with infographic/poster/flier depicting TRC public process, along with content for possible public service announcement broadcast on radio/TV j) TRC/Iowa City staff will provide feedback on consultant team deliverables within one week of receipt; TRC will determine whether full TRC should review material or whether Chair/Vice-Chair can represent their views. k) TRC / Iowa City staff to review and approve contacts before Kearns & West Team conducts outreach. 1) Iowa City staff will assist with logistics, distribution to media/social media, and other agreed -upon tasks to carry out consultant team's work. TRC members will assist as able with outreach. Task3: Fact -Finding + Truth -Telling Public Process 2. Activities: a) Assist TRC and City staff in coordinating logistics for in -person events b) Train Conversation Corps c) Prepare public -facing materials to assist attendees with participation d) Facilitate and/or help TRC members facilitate public events, including help with developing script for events, questions for witnesses, etc. e) Analyze results of public events (testimonies, comments, etc.) and provide reports f) TRC will determine appropriate roles for TRC members, Kearns & West Team, City staff/personnel at in -person events g) Iowa City staff will assist at events with agreed -upon tasks to assist in carrying out work. TRC members will assist as able with outreach Task 4: TRC Meetings 1. Activities: a) Develop meeting strategy, proposed and annotated agendas, and presentation/meeting materials b) Facilitate process to identify, recruit, and empanel members c) Coordinate and facilitate project team meetings and individual coordination meetings to prepare for TRC meetings d) Coordinate and facilitate TRC meetings e) Facilitate necessary training for all TRC members of decision -making processes, city bureaucracy, city support systems, etc. f) Facilitation of Subcommittees as requested g) Reporting to the Mayor and City Council h) Follow up with City staff team and TRC members as needed i) Develop meeting summaries and action items This meeting can be viewed at hftps:llcitychannel4.com/cqi-bin/vdbttp.pl?ld=F21739 j) Support TRC communication needs k) Follow-up to provide information 1) Prepare any recommendations in subcommittee -specific areas that have been approved by full TRC m) Kearns & West Team to provide draft materials within agreed upon review timeframes for distribution by the TRC/City one week prior to Task Force meetings n) Kearns & West Team to participate with the TRC/City in up to 2 planning meetings with City staff team per TRC meeting o) Kearns & West Team to participate in up to 2 individual coordination meetings with key City departments per TRC meeting (if needed) p) Kearns & West Team to facilitate up to 15 TRC meetings up to 3 hours each, twice a month, and follow a regularly set meeting schedule beginning in September 2021 through May 2022 q) Kearns & West Team to develop meeting summaries following each TRC meeting for review r) City of Iowa City to distribute TRC meeting information, agendas, and materials to TRC members s) City of Iowa City to manage all media and public inquiries t) City of Iowa City to schedule and serve as the virtual host for Task Force meetings u) Assume 2 review rounds per deliverable (draft and final for distribution by City to Task Force; refinements for final version from Task Force input) Task 5: Report Compilation 1. Activities: a) Continued facilitation of Subcommittees' work and facilitation of TRC meetings b) Begin discussion of initial recommendations in specific areas of review c) Formulate subcommittee recommendations for review by TRC d) Facilitate TRC deliberations on subcommittee recommendations, discover TRC consensus around proposals e) Compile information from TRC meeting summaries f) Draft report, assume up to 1 review 2. Deliverables: a) Draft and final report The Commission further discussed making sure that they have roles to play at outreach events. The need for the City to provide the promised staffing to the TRC because community members should not be doing this work for free. At this time, the TRC does not feel comfortable loading the work all on one person and it is not fair to current staff which in turn places the load on TRC members who have other priorities in their lives and are not being compensated for their service on the TRC. The TRC wants to believe that they were not set up to fail but if at some point if they don't get the needed support from the City and the Community, they may need to go back to City Council. It also needs to be decided whether to request more staff for the TRC now or wait until the TRC is actually working with Kerns and West. The TRC may also consider requesting an extension to do this work from City Council. This meeting can be viewed at httns:!lcitychannel4.comlcai-binlvd"J p..pl?id=F21739 Reference checks reported that Dr. Schooler and Kerns and West are very knowledgeable on how local government works and the agreement provides that all decision making is made by the TRC and not the facilitators. Tucker agrees with the concerns of the TRC in terms of the need to request an extension. An extension would allow for community members to come forward to be heard. Childcare can also be an issue. Theisen encourages the TRC to be bolder and to do what they want to do. The TRC should reach out to all local interest groups and let them know that the TRC needs them onboard and for these interest groups to relay to their consumers why they should support the work of TRC and why the work of the TRC is important. Vote on whether to recommend to the City Council to enter into an agreement with Kerns and West motion by Traore, seconded by Johnson. Motion passed 8-0. Announcements of Commissioners: Daniel reported on a recent court decision that struck down the CDE eviction moratorium. Traore plan on writing another op-ed to the community asking for their support. Harris gave an update on the work of the Excluded Workers. Gathua thanked the TRC for all their work. Ali plans on writing an op-ed on her recent experiences with the Iowa City Police Department. Rivera asked the TRC to find the joy in this work. Adjourn: 8:34 PM This meeting can be viewed at httos:!lcitvchannel4.com/cgl-bin/vdb/vto.ol?id=F21739 z 0 U z Q oa 0 FQwr a ad U V N z a OAW xW �F x� F a F U 0 A <t i h O O M V a X X X X x X O X X a X X X X X O X X X a x o x k k x x x x N N `h x x k x x x o x x a N x k X k x x x k k a N x x x k k x x x x n k x k k k X k x x +n x k x x x x o x x N v x k k x x o x k k O O O D O i0 `D D D Wk F� W `L c c s > 0